Ximenia caffra health benefits. zeyheri, significantly (p<0.

Blue Sourplums (Ximenia americana) are distributed throughout areas without temperatures below freezing. as Ximenia caffra. The pulp contains a stone with an oil-rich seed. Feb 17, 2015 · A method was developed for identification and quantification of polyphenols in the leaves of Ximenia caffra using HPLC/UV/MS. Jan 20, 2024 · The phytochemical analysis of Ximenia caffra (sour plum) leaves was evaluated; extracts of the leaves of the plants from n-hexane, methanol and chloroform were subjected to photochemical screening Sep 30, 2021 · Health benefits and biological activities of spiny monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam. Ximenia americana is also a popular landscape tree due to its lovely leaves and blossoms. Branches from plants such as Diospyros mespiliformis , Lannea edulis, and Lannea schweinfurthii are used for the production of wooden spoons as a useful utensil among the Jul 26, 2021 · of any public health practices and what is better . It is drought-resistant, moderately susceptible to frost and can grow up to 0. , Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli O157" by Constance Chingwaru et al. By tapping into the possible health benefits of oils from IFBTs it could not only reduce the import Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Aqueous extracts of Flacourtia indica, Swartzia madagascariensis and Ximenia caffra are strong antibacterial agents against Shigella spp. , with a distribution covering East Africa, from Tanzania in the north to Aug 1, 2018 · Ximenia caffra has been identified as a promising indigenous African plant for commercialisation due to its variety of commercial, cultural, and medicinal uses [5,6,7]; it is widely distributed within and indigenous to Southern and Eastern Africa, including Madagascar . Yellow plums are also known for their many health benefits. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. This is especially aimed at developing countries. We investigated (at the University of the Witwatersrand: GPS coordinates 26°10' 52. In this study, we determined if these seed oils reduce the thrombogenic ability of breast cancer cells by measuring the platelet Ximenia caffra contained 1. Leaves are simple and alternating or clustered on spur shoots and are generally hairless as compared to the leaves of Ximenia caffra, its closely related specie. 96″S; 28°2' 33. americana. Home Aug 1, 2018 · Ximenia caffra has been identified as a promising indigenous African plant for commercialisation due to its variety of commercial, cultural, and medicinal uses [5,6,7]; it is widely distributed within and indigenous to Southern and Eastern Africa, including Madagascar . Mar 28, 2022 · We previously annotated the phytochemical constituents of a root extract from <i>Ximenia americana</i> var. Occurs across Zambia, mainly in Acacia and Munga woodland, wooded grassland, rocky areas . Apr 22, 2013 · Ximenia caffra Sond. , 1994, Vodouhè and Dansi, 2012). Black soybeans (Glycine max L. Benefits of Sourplum. 6 ± 7. Ximenia Caffra Fruit. Natural polyphenols are known for their antioxidant properties, and the evidence linking regular consumption of these natural antioxidants with improved health outcomes is continually growing [2,3,4]. Find more on description, Uses & Benefits here. & Curtis B. This can be eaten raw, used to make jams and juices, or dried for later use. The genusXimenia also occurs in America and the type species of the genus, X. Health Benefits of Ximenia. Ximenia americana is a semiscandent plant that grows as a bush-forming shrub or small tree to between a height of 2–7 metres (6. caffra, is a deciduous tree, native to Africa, and is cultivated from Tanzania in East Africa to South Africa, crossing Namibia and Botswana. Em particular, é nativa de regiões do sudeste da África, principalmente Botsuana, Quénia, Malawi, Moçambique, África do Sul, Tanzânia, Uganda, Zâmbia e Zimbábue. The Ximenia caffra fruit is a small, yellow-orange fruit that is native to Africa. Health Benefits of Ximenia Mar 28, 2022 · The large sour plum, Ximenia americana var. 0 ft), although plants being less than 4m (13 feet) are more commonly observed. natalensis Sond. amashereka in Kinyarwanda Large Sourplum in English Ximenia caffra seed could be exploited as a dietary protein and energy source in feeds and was the most abundant mineral and amino acid in the seed mass. May 11, 2024 · It has one substantial endospermic seed, containing around 60% of oil (U. P Albuqerque et al. caffra (Sond. (2009). Ximenia; Ximenia americana leaves & fruit at Chilkur near Hyderabad, India. 3% dry weight condensed tannins in the peels and pulps, respectively. REPORTED BENEFITS AND USES Widely used cosmetically or topically, Ximenia Oil is known for its antioxidant activity, which supports skin health, repairs damage caused by pollutants, and delays May 1, 2013 · Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Aug 23, 2023 · In this section, we will discuss the health benefits of three X fruits: Ximenia, Xigua, and Xylocarp. Although the total oil content of X. Dec 23, 2013 · Most of the plant extracts were active against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus Group A with Erythrina abyssinica, Ximenia caffra and Ziziphus mucronata being the most active. caffra seed oil, unlike K. caffra seed oil concentrations, other than at 80 mg/l, where the X. 4% and 55. , occurs In South Africa (Baloyi and Reynolds, 2004). Oct 5, 2021 · However, the X fruits list going to be very short because I only found 5 names that begin with the letter X. <i>caffra</i> and highlighted its hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic properties. Ximenia caffra is a semi-parasitic, spiny, sparsely-branched, deciduous shrub or a small tree with an untidy, open crown; it can grow up to 6 metres tall[303. Therefore, more research in this area is still necessary. caffra could be an interesting candidate for the treatment of several health disorders associated with oxidative stress such as hepatocellular injury and diabetes. Aug 4, 2016 · Many studies have shown that wild fruits possess various bioactivities and health benefits, such as free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. 5, 18. Aug 1, 2018 · Fruits of the indigenous African tree Ximenia caffra (Sonder) have been shown to contain high amounts of polyphenolic compounds in both the pulp and skins []. Africa, Comoros, Madagascar. 7%), the fatty acid profiles differed significantly. Bark is grayish-brown to black, longitudinally fissured bark, red slash and rough on older, larger species. 5 Ximenia Caffra fruit flesh is orange in color and edible with a bitter almond-like taste. The health benefits Dec 21, 2007 · Fruits of the indigenous African tree Ximenia caffra (Sonder) have been shown to contain high amounts of polyphenolic compounds in both the pulp and skins [1]. SAJB. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the The ‘caffra’ bit comes from the former name of an area in the Eastern Cape - Kaffraria. Ximenia caffra. Ximenia americana var. They are also high in potassium, which helps to regulate blood pressure and can reduce the risk of heart disease. 2010). cordatum we detected 0. Dec 20, 2019 · Ximenia (Ximenia americana L. Organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and ash constituted 93. Nov 1, 2023 · A comparative metabolomic analysis of Bidens pilosa, Lippia javanica, Syzygium cordatum, and Ximenia caffra was done. 3 ± 13. Feb 7, 2022 · Differential Expression of Platelet Activation Markers, CD62P and CD63, after Exposure to Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Kigelia Africana , Ximenia Caffra and Mimusops Zeyheri Seed Oils In Vitro . In Angola, the seeds oil is used by local populations, to prevent sunburn, to smooth and hydrate the skin, and to give it a pleasant color and elasticity, to prevent stretch marks, in pregnant woman, and also as hair conditioner. Wild sour plum (Ximenia caffra subs caffra) nuts, an Oleaceae fruit crop Ximenia caffra The “large sour plum” tree Ximenia caffra Sond. Daniels1 1School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Sep 1, 2013 · The OA acid content of T. The leaves of the X. Mar 29, 2022 · What is ximenia oil? Ximenia oil is a cold-pressed oil extracted from the seeds of Ximenia americana, a small tree native to Africa, known as wild plum. Ximenia caffra, often known as sour plum, is an Olacaceae Phenolic content and profiles of selected wild fruits of Zimbabwe: Ximenia caffra , Artobotrys brachypetalus and Syzygium cordatum Mudadi Benhura 2008, International Journal of Food Science & Technology Apr 16, 2024 · This is especially aimed at developing countries. The bark is dark grey and rough, but pale green or brown on younger branches. ) is a shrub, or small tree, native from Africa and spread across different continents. The plant is also distributed in other tropical regions such as India, South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, West Indies, and Central and Jul 1, 2017 · X. The plant is also distributed in other tropical regions such as India, South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, West Indies, and Central and Apr 3, 2024 · Health benefits: The various health benefits of Ximenia Caffra are-It helps you achieve clear skin; Protects against Osteoporosis; Helps relieve constipation; Improves your heart health; Helps in improving vision; Varieties: The four different varieties of Ximenia caffra are – Mulungu (or Mulungu plum) Kamalzili (or Kamalzili plum) Ngwele (or Nov 27, 2023 · 10. 5% versus 53. caffra and R. 5% and 2. May 26, 2016 · The nutritional and phytochemical abundance of X. The Ximenia is grown easily from fresh seed in a 5:1 mixture of river sand and compost. Ximenia caffra is a sparsely branched shrub or small tree to 6 m tall with a shapeless, untidy crown. Go! advanced search Login. Common names include Ximenia caffra, Caffre Ximenia & Ximenia caffra. The morphology of seedlings varies; when they are young, the A method was developed for identification and quantification of polyphenols in the leaves of Ximenia caffra using HPLC/UV/MS. Least Concern: Raimondo et al. 5m in a year. Ximenia roigii León Ximenia caffra é uma pequena árvore ou pequeno arbusto que é pouco ramificado. U. The tree is relatively hard, with drought tolerance frost resistance features. @article{Aremu2021HealthBA, title={Health benefits and biological activities of spiny monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam. ): An African indigenous fruit tree. Ximenia caffra fruit peels contained the highest amounts of total phenolics amounting to 1205 μg g−1 in fresh weight, flavonols amounting Mar 1, 2016 · Ximenia caffra is a common and popular medicinal and fruit tree in the dryland zone in central, eastern and southern Africa (Maroyi, 2016) with bark, leaves and roots used as diarrhoea remedy in Ximenia is named after a Spanish monk, Francisco Ximenez, who wrote about the plants of Mexico in the 17th century. caffra is known for its multiple benefits and its commercial use, due to the use of its oils for cosmetics, and the consumption of its fruits and nuts (Maroyi, 2016). 7%, respectively . 2% and about 1% dry weight condensed tannins in peels and pulps, respectively. americana are more blueish-green and the fruits are yellowish instead of red like the Ximenia caffra. rautanenii nuts was similar (47. Ximenia caffra is a deciduous tree up to 6m tall with an untidy open crown. Introduction Ximenia caffra, sourplum in English or Jun 4, 2024 · The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote universal access to safe, nutritious food. 6–23. ) Engl. The fruit is high in antioxidants and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. Mar 15, 2013 · The “large sour plum” tree Ximenia caffra Sond. Decortication can take place later in the year, after cultivated crops have been harvested and people have more time. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Register. caffra. 00 Ximenia americanum Kakukuru 3. , 2011). 1 Nov 19, 2020 · Therefore, documenting the benefits and potential of Mimusops zeyheri is important from nutrition and health as well as ethnomedicinal perspectives. americana L. Traditional uses include promoting heart health and improving circulation. Nov 22, 2019 · The genus also occurs in America, and the type species is Ximenia americana. Here are some of the health benefits of Ximenia: Ximenia caffra, also known as large sour plum, is a member of a genus of flowering plants in the Olacaceae family, which grows in the southern African region [14, 15]. It is often used in traditional African medicine for its purported health benefits. Ximenia caffra Sond. , with a distribution covering East Africa, from Tanzania in the north to South Africa, as well as parts of Botswana and Namibia. 0% of the seed mass, respectively. Branches and twigs are armed with stout axillary spines and are glabrous or dense tomentose. 3, 48. 2015. Berliner}, journal Ximenia Caffra. Inerestingly, Ximenia caffra can easily be confused with Ximenia americana. Augustine , Davison Moyo4, Eliton Chivandi1 and William M. The “large sour plum” tree Ximenia caffra Sond. Merr) are merely a black variety of exposure to breast cancer cells treated with Kigelia africana, Ximenia caffra and Mimusops zeyheri seed oils in vitro Monica N. 59% OA in M. Phosphorus (345. 06. We here extended our study on the leaf extract and identified its phytoconstituents using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. The The native range of this species is Tropics &amp; Subtropics. [1] Jan 6, 2020 · Ximenia caffra and mmupudu seed oils were reported to have anti-proliferative effect on human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells , and women breast cancer cell lines . Thus, the “Zero Hunger” campaign's sustainable efforts to eliminate hunger, by encouraging the cultivation and use of underutilised crops and their value-added products, can improve food systems and community development. Jan 1, 2008 · The lipid profile of nuts from Ximenia caffra and Ricinodendron rautanenii was determined and compared. , 1987), 63% OA in Ximenia caffra kernel oil (Chivandi et al. americana, is the only other species that occurs in southern Africa. In … May 26, 2016 · Ethnopharmacological relevance. The native range of this species is Ethiopia to S. 2% and 0. Plant Family: Oleaceae (Olive Family). Previous Next Botanical Name: Ximenia caffra Common Name: Sour Plum, Mulebe, Mulutulwa, Musongwasongwa, Muvulama, Kamulebe, Muchonfwa . R [39, 41] the state of maternal health in Nigeria is poor and can be attributed to inadequate access to reproductive health services, poverty and in some areas, cultural Jan 31, 2008 · There is need to evaluate the health benefits of consuming oils from IFBT seeds such as Mimusops zeyheri and Ximenia caffra which we have shown to have a similar content of oleic acid to olive oil The seed oils of Kigelia africana, Ximenia caffra and Mimusops zeyheri have anti-proliferative effects on hormone-dependent (MCF-7) and cytotoxic effects on hormone-independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. The Ximenia Caffra fruit is very much tastier compared to those of the Ximenia Americana. , 2008, Chivandi et al. Common names Sourplum in language. Both seed oils were rich in oleic acid: 59. Jan 20, 2024 · The health benefits of X. Oct 1, 2015 · There is need to evaluate the health benefits of consuming oils from IFBT seeds such as Mimusops zeyheri and Ximenia caffra which we have shown to have a similar content of oleic acid to olive oil (Chivandi et al. Ximenia has been used in African traditional remedies for a long time, this genus Ximenia belongs to the Olacaceae or hog-plum family. May 26, 2016 · Ximenia caffra and a closely related X. Great Sourplums (Ximenia caffra) are found only in Eastern and Southern Africa. Mannheimer, C. caffra underscores a compelling case for advancing from sporadic tribal consumption to full-scale commercialization, necessitating further research to optimize cultivation techniques and extraction methods for commercial products. Ximenia caffra (large sourplum) Sond. This fruit is a good source of vitamins A and C, as well as minerals like magnesium and potassium. Extracts of Peltophorum africanum and Ximenia caffra were strongly active against gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 66 4 50. africana and M. It has many uses in traditional medicine, including treatment of wounds and infections as well Ximenia Oil has wonderful skin benefits because of its high content of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids that makes it quite stable to oxidation. Toggle navigation. sericea seed oil was lower compared to the OA range of 70–80% in Sclerocarya birrea (marula tree) kernel oil (Burger et al. By contrast, Ximenia caffra Sond. One example of a wild fruit tree that is underutilised is the wild sour plum (Ximenia caffra subs caffra), a fruit crop from the Oleaceae family that grows in the Southern Africa. , 2008), 84. Ximenia species Ximenia caffra Name Synonyms Ximenia americana var. Table 2 Fidelity level values of Ximenia cited by informants used against a given ailment Medicinal plant Local name Therapeutic uses Number of Informants Ximenia caffra Ompeke Gonorrhea, Culture bound syndrome, impotent Gonorrhea, Culture bound syndrome, Scoliosis 6 FL value (%) 66. Ximenia is a tropical fruit native to South and East Africa. Both varieties are common all over Africa in hot, low-altitude regions from Senegal, Sudan, and all the way to Angola. Both Sourplum species have a thin layer of delicious, sweet-and-sour mesocarp. (2009) Oct 31, 2020 · Plants such as Annonas senegalensis, Trichilia emetica, Parinari capensis, and Ximenia caffra are popular species used for different health conditions in the study area. Homonyms Ximenia caffra Sond. (Ximeniaceae), commonly known as "sour plum" is traditionally used, both topically and orally to treat a wide range of human diseases and ailments such as wounds, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility, stomach ache, fever, eye problems, diarrhoea, bilharzia, menorrhagia, malaria, intestinal worms, impotence and coughs. As far as skincare is concerned, ximenia oil is a potent antioxidant that can scavenge free radicals, while having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, moisturizing, and softening effects. (Olacaceae), the species name caffra refers to Kaffraria, an old name for an area of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. Mar 2, 2016 · Ethnopharmacological relevance Ximenia caffra Sond. have been identified as some of the few plant species that should be integrated in the domestication process in farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa to support medicinal, nutritional and income security of local communities (Milimo et al. Growth Form, Habitat and Distribution: A semi-deciduous shrub, scrambler, or small tree, with spine-tipped branches bending over. They are high in antioxidants and vitamins A, C, and K, which can help to reduce inflammation, protect against oxidative stress, and help the body fight off illness. (Olacaceae) is the only African representative of the genus Ximenia L. Based on analyzing the MS and UV data and in comparison to the authentic standards, a total of 10 polyphenols were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, catechin, … Ximenia caffra is a species of flowering plant in the family Olacaceae. Aug 1, 2018 · In the last two decades, there has been more interest in the potential health benefits of dietary polyphenols as antioxidant. Despite its limited commercial presence, Ximenia's unique flavor profile and potential health benefits warrant a closer look. 2. 016 Corpus ID: 83006648; The coastal red-milkwood (Mimusops caffra) seed: Proximate, mineral, amino acid and fatty acid composition @article{Chivandi2016TheCR, title={The coastal red-milkwood (Mimusops caffra) seed: Proximate, mineral, amino acid and fatty acid composition}, author={Eliton Chivandi and Nyasha Charity Mukonowenzou and David L. (Ximeniaceae), commonly known as “sour plum” is traditionally used, both topically and orally to treat a wide range of human diseases and ailments such as wounds, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility, stomach ache, fever, eye problems, diarrhoea, bilharzia, menorrhagia, malaria, intestinal worms, impotence and coughs. is the most common and although indigenous to Australia and Asia, it has been naturalized in some locations outside this territory, including parts of South America and Africa (Heywood, 1993). It has many uses in traditional medicine, including treatment of wounds Jul 1, 2018 · Request PDF | Effects of Dietary Ximenia caffra Meal on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Growth Performance in Sprague Dawley Rats Modelling Monogastrics | Background and General information about Ximenia caffra (XIMCA) EPPO Global Database. Gomes1*, 3Pascaline Fru2, Tanya N. zeyheri, significantly (p<0. This study was carried out to determine the potential of Ximenia caffra seed as a feed ingredient. Ximenia caffra var. A botanical variety, Ximenia caffra var. caffra fruits in November-March during the rains; X. Le Roux and Müller's Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Namibia Macmillan Education, Windhoek, Namibia Sep 15, 2017 · The results of this study suggest that the tannin-rich extract from Ximenia americana var. There is untapped potential for food and nutrition security in Africa's wide variety of native fruit trees. Cardiovascular Health: Some compounds in Ximenia Americana may have positive effects on cardiovascular health. This is also relevant for the perception and socio-economic benefits of the potential consumers for this undervalued fruit tree. Ximenia caffra is a rich iron, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium source. 05) suppressed growth of Caco-2 cells, more than HEK-293 cells (Figure 3). It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for fuel and food. , 2002). tomentosa Engl. For Ximenia caffra Sond. , 2018, Ruffo et al. The traditional medicine is the source of primary health care and the traditional healers and remedies made from plants play an important role in the health of millions of people in Africa (Rukangira, 2001). This variety is accepted The native range of this variety is Ethiopia to S. Faz parte da família Olacaceae, nativa em todas as regiões tropicais. Ximenia coriacea Engl. caffra fruit have not been extensively established, little is known about the growth, yield, biochemical and metabolite profiles of this fruit when grown under various agronomic conditions, such as varying irrigation levels, fertilizer types, and soil types. Keywords Fruit, phenolic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, wild plants. Most parts of the sourplum plant are used. A decoction from the leaves is used as an eye-wash, for tonsillitis and to rid the body of parasites. A total of 52 phytochemicals, comprising of phenolic acids (14), organic acids (7), flavonoids (14), ellagitannins (2), monosaccharides (3), and other unknown polyphenols (12), were obtained in the four medicinal plant extracts and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC There were no significant differences observed between Caco-2 and HEK293 cell growth in any of the X. 3. Some of these uses are discussed in the following sections. 61″E) the effects of substituting soya bean meal (SBM) with Ximenia caffra kernel meal (XCKM) as a dietary protein source on blood and liver metabolic substrates content, serum markers of liver and kidn … Mar 28, 2022 · The large sour plum, Ximenia americana var. Based on analyzing the MS and UV data and in comparison to the authentic standards, a total of 10 polyphenols were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and their derivatives Aug 28, 2023 · 1. In S. Sep 15, 2017 · The results of this study suggest that the tannin-rich extract from Ximenia americana var. The fruit is also known to possess curative properties. americana produces fruit all year round. Therefore, wild fruits have the potential to be developed into functional foods or pharmaceuticals to prevent and treat several chronic diseases. , with a distribution covering East Africa, from Tanzania in the north to Apr 30, 2024 · Native to Africa and South America, it boasts several species, with Ximenia americana (Sour Plum) and Ximenia caffra (Sour Gourd) being the most well-known. Jul 2, 2023 · Ximenia americana has oil-rich seeds and fruit. Just like the Ximenia caffra fruit, almost every part of this tree is edible and has medicinal use. Wild sour plum (Ximeniacaffra subs caffra) nuts, an Oleaceae fruit crop native DOI: 10. The "large sour plum" tree Ximenia caffra Sond. 1. ): Ximenia caffra, also known as large sour plum, is a member of a genus of flowering plants in the Olacaceae family, which grows in the southern African region [14, 15]. The emollient and nourishing oil is extracted and utilized in cosmetics including moisturizers, soaps, and hair care products. The species name caffra refers to Kaffraria, an old name for a part of the Eastern Of these, the “yellow plum” Ximenia americanum Linn. The Methods of Usage to Achieve the Provided Health Benefits Of Ximenia Americana (Tallowwood) 1. Jun 4, 2024 · The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote universal access to safe, nutritious food. var. 1016/J. GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): Ximenia caffra Google: Web - Images - Scholar iNaturalist: Ximenia caffra IPNI (International Plant Names Index): Ximenia caffra JSTOR Plant Science: Ximenia caffra Mansfeld World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: Ximenia caffra Plants of the World Online: Ximenia caffra Tropicos Nov 22, 2019 · The genus also occurs in America, and the type species is Ximenia americana. Natural polyphenols are known for Nov 22, 2019 · This datasheet on Ximenia caffra covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Biology &amp; Ecology, Uses, Management, Genetics May 1, 2013 · The “large sour plum” tree Ximenia caffra Sond. A branch of X. Africa. The scientific name of the Ximenia caffra fruit tree is Ximenia caffra, which is a type of shrub with thin branches and can grow up to 6 meters. May 1, 2013 · The nutritional and phytochemical abundance of X. ss uk tc il sc np jw na zr bp