Cattle fattening feed formulation in nigeria

Cattle fattening feed formulation in nigeria. of 2017/18 (4428. The seventh is an analysis of the various issues on the cattle colony initiative. The stock feeds are high energy 80*500= 40,000. Caution: This feed contains up to 6% urea and animals should gradually be introduced to this supplementary feed. Molasses / Chitagur / Corn Steep Liquor – 2 kg. 5–2. Cross rails should be on average 90mm in diameter. fattened thei r cattl e for 6 months to 1 year and the rest ab ove 1 year (Table 2). 19% and crude protein of 21. Limestone – 2. e. (2010) stated that 79. Although average daily gain varies across different programs, typical targets are 1. This livestock feed actually account for 70 to 80 percent of cost of livestock production against the 55 Ekenyem, 2001). 68 per head for a period of three months and $1,373. 1 Approximately 290 million head of cattle are slaughtered each year, with the United States, Brazil and the European Union producing 48% of the world's beef. 1016/J. 00 B. When supplemented with grains it is 0. 00 Casual labour 6,000. Sep 15, 2020 · The quantity of feed consumed by the cattle daily will depend on factors such as live weight and age of the cattle. A bull in fattening will require roughly 3 percent (body weight of the bull) of forage/grass a day, a lot of water and supplements. Sterilized bone meal = 35%. opt to build a farm structure to house their cattle. 35. Beef Cattle Sales Beef Cattle 200,000 Feeds 58,000. A one percent increase in the fattening duration would result in weight gain by about 0. Share. 05%. 1979. 33 % in the rice offal based diet to 67. In beef cattle fattening farms, techno-economic performance optimisation is imperative for reaching profitability, whether in farrow-to-finish or fattening farms. The training targeted youth and women sheep fattening groups, aiming to enhance their knowledge and skills in optimizing feed management practices. Report to the Colonial Office, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), London, UK. 00 Water 8,400. Energy source and improves feed palatability. Cattle Fat. 4 whole crop rice silage was utilized as a feed for beef cattle feedlot 5 production in Japan. One can estimate DP from the CP content of the diet fed to cattle or sheep by the following equation: %DP = 0. for beef, pork Oct 19, 2021 · In many diets for growing cattle, CP ranges between 11 and 16 percent, NEm ranges between 78 and 91 Mcal per cwt (where cwt is equal to 100 pounds), and NEg ranges between 50 and 61 Mcal per cwt. Feed formulation for fattening. The first step in building a farm structure for cattle farming is to determine the location of the structure. The average daily weight gain of cattle at 350Kg live mass is about 1. Dec 1, 2017 · The case is based on the feasibility analysis of a feedlot fattening farm. INTRODUCTION. The document then provides examples of ration formulation for dairy cows and pigs, listing the Dec 31, 2015 · The analysis reveals that cattle fattening is a profitable venture with an average gross margin of $105. Steers (males who have been castrated) are typically favored in Western nations for fattening due to a number of benefits. Maize – 48 kg. Aug 25, 2020 · Feed formulation is the process of constructing a feed or diet formula for animals. Sep 25, 2019 · I have come up with a simple Excel Based Livestock Feed Formulation software. 02. This season-long learning activity will equip the cattle growers with information and skills related to beef cattle production. 16820. A young medium sized cow or bull (the male cow) could be bought for N45-N60,000 in the north. Feed formulae for goats and sheep vary depending on the animals’ age, breed, production stage, and health status. 7%) as basal diets, whereas for the rainy season fatteners Mar 1, 2023 · Bull-fattening diets in Europe and most developed countries around the world have traditionally been based on corn silage, starch-rich, and high-energy/ high-protein supplemental feeds. The amount of protein in our country’s animal feed, especially straw, is very low, but protein has an important role in rapid growth. Cost of Feed Production. This result implies that as the length of fattening period is increased, ceteris paribus, weight gain increases. She is a cattle finisher and fattens the cattle for the market. Feb 12, 2022 · List of dairy cows or dairy feed making 100 kg. Dec 18, 2023 · Introduction. 25. There are two main methods for ration formulation - hand methods and computer methods. Finally, add the wheat bran and limestone and mix for another 5 minutes. The eighth section is a discussion of the emerging Oct 30, 2023 · MFS), a comprehensive training conducted on feed formulation and feed processing for sheep fattening in Ethiopia. Results Cattle Fattening Business in Nigeria *Abiodun Elijah Obayelu1, Ajibola Olaniyi2, Agatha Ogbe3 Federal University of Agriculture1, Abeokuta, Nigeria Youth Agripreneurs Unit2, Ibadan, Nigeria Abstract. 48 % in the maize offal based diet. Supposing you bought ten and reared for 18 months, and sold each for N150,000, after removing feeding and other expenses you will be making about one million Feb 3, 2022 · In case of dry cow, allowance up to 1 kg concentrate can be given if the condition of cow is poor or the fodder quality is inferior. As a modification of an intensive system of animal production, fattening of bulls and rams in a feedlot is one of the best options of increasing animal protein supply. 10/kg gain) The DM digestibility of all the by-products based diets ranged from 52. , 2018). 5 kg of milk of average 4% fat percentage, in case of buffalo 1. The uprights should be sunk about 800mm into the ground, at a spacing of not exceeding 2. If you know that rabbit feed formulation will pose a big challenge to your agribusiness, there are standard rabbit pellet formulation that you can always buy from the market. Material and Methods Neuro-fuzzy Animal Feed Formulation Oct 1, 2023 · ABSTRACT. Variable Cost: A. 7 kg per day. 45 while the lowest cost was Aug 25, 2019 · farmers (35%) farmers fattening period was 3 to 6 months and 31. 30. fattening, under a semi-intensive system, which includes short-term intensive feeding of rams with formulations partly from locally available feed sources and partly grazed, before they are sold. 2014 ). Iodized salt = 20%. 0 billion with the largest populations being in India, Brazil and China. DORB 10 65 For making 100 kg calf starter Step 1: Fix quantity of grain byproduct, animal protein source and minor ingredients Feeds/supplements Quantity Apr 1, 2011 · Request PDF | Application of the modified feed formulation to optimize economic and environmental criteria in beef cattle fattening systems with food by-products | A simplified ration optimization The document discusses ration formulation for livestock. pH regulator and aid in digestion. 2014. Sep 1, 2019 · In animal production, the main objective of feed formulation is to provide a balanced nutrition to support physiological functions such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and lactation as well as energy source for physical and metabolic activities (Fatyanosa et al. Rear it for a year or two and one could sell for N150,000 to N200,000. Nigeria Grass for livestock Aug 18, 2023 · Research on bioactive feed additives has made rapid progress, particularly in physiological and biochemical studies of these additives. 25%) can practice a single round fattening and the rest farmers have twice experience of fattening per year on the basis of feed availability and future holidays. A well-balanced diet not only Four Steps for Optimising the Performance of Cattle Fattening. Meat meal 45 65 4. 1 · 3 comments · 213 views. 3 2014 Table 1: Net Income Statement for the Fattening Enterprise Revenue Expenditure (N) A. Oct 11, 2018 · At a fat score of 2 to 3, the mean dressing percentage varies from 54% to 56%. The second stage sampling involved random selection of 45 fatteners from a Aug 8, 2021 · Urea for cattle feed. The diet for adult goats and sheep should consist primarily of forages, such as grasses and hay. Rice offal had the least feed to gain ratio (22. This study was conducted to determine the financial analysis of Small-Scale beef Cattle enterprise in Bama Local Government Area of Borno. Feeding amount of cattle feed. Limestone= 45%. Sep 11, 2013 · Wheat offal and maize offal based diets had higher utilization and similar feed to gain ratio. The feed Nutrients requirement of the snails must be known before a good formulation can be achieved. There are companies which sell cattle fattening stock feeds. 68–1. Avail salt rocks or licks for up to Jan 24, 2023 · Fattening mix concentrate for Ram 08030648834. Feed formulation for ram. Balanced Concentrate Mixture (Cattle Feed or Wanda) A balanced mixture is usually prepared in such a manner that 3. SysnovaFeed is a free/open-source software that helps nutritionists and feed producers create balanced and cost-effective feed formulations for livestock and poultry. Cattle fattening is a very profitable business, and many people are making money all over the world by starting cattle feedlot business. (3742. At the end of January 2016, the market prices of potato crops had collapsed at the time of harvest with an abundant supply of stocked Jan 1, 2020 · Introduction. The coefficient of fattening duration (X2) is also significant and positively related to weight gain by cattle. Abstract. 75m apart. This software is useful to every livestock farmer or nutritionist. . Feeding diets with less than 54 Mcal per cwt would be more Jan 18, 2023 · Step 4: Build Farm Structure. , 2008). Milch cow. Animal categories in our feed formulation software. Rice Polish / Bran – 35 kg. Jul 6, 2019 · Standard Group Plc HQ Office, The Standard Group Center,Mombasa Road. Undegradable intake protein (UIP, rumen “bypass” or escape protein) values are shown. After fattening the body weight of the animal will be minimum 262 kg and at least 144 kg meat will be available from it which has a market value. Jul 17, 2023 · Cattle Sex/Gender. molasses in the rumen, and feeding trial data which have better identified the response of cattle fed diets containing molasses. The method is very tedious resulting perhaps from inefficient use of technique and low management at enterprise level. feed formulation highlights high-energy carbohydrates from corn, protein from soybean meal, and cattle fat for enhanced palatability and energy. Urea contains 245% crude protein. feed the cattle will lead to losses. Salt – 1 kg. Ahmed et al. Nigeria is agrarian society with about 80% of the population engage in agricultural sector. The GRB spreadsheet was designed for balancing rations for growing and finishing cattle. The losses will be due to failure to meet the target slaughter weights and beef quality grade. Allow a spicing of 10-14 m² per animal. It’s a practice commonly employed in livestock farming to prepare animals for market or slaughter, optimizing their growth and meat yield. ICARDA partnered with the National Agricultural Research Centers of Areka, Bonga, and Mar 10, 2022 · This video will help cattle farmers to fatten their animals in short period of time Balanced feed for dairy cattle / Balanced feed for dairy cows / Balanced May 28, 2023 · Speaking at a Pen Fattening and Animal Health training at Mbokodo Feedlot yesterday, National Kraal director and livestock specialist, Mr Christopher Magona said cattle pen fattening was a very lucrative business. That is the reason why the animals only spend 90 to 120 days in the feedlot. 10 Feb 15, 2018 · calculator can b e used to calculate the nutrient requirement of cattle’s as per NRC 2001. T. 0%), and crop residues (14. +234 803 3782 777 Backyard cattle fattening or on a large scale can be profitably undertaken. Unemployment is a major issue in Nigeria because the youth finds it difficult or impossible to secure jobs that meet their expectations. O Box 30080-00100,Nairobi, Kenya. These are complete, balanced feeds, which are designed for fattening cattle in feedlots over 90 days. 98 million metric tons) to the 2 nd quarter. the optimum inclusion levels of the locally available feed materials in cattle fattening rations. Efficiency is the ratio or relationship between inputs and output. The use of formulated liquid feeds, non-protein nitrogen and high-concentrate finishing diets are major feeding Report of Nigerian Livestock Mission. 76 gm) with significantly (p < 0. Raising can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) 7 to 15 days, the recovery period is mainly for training cattle. However, some general guidelines exist for creating a balanced diet for these animals. The very Cost of the necessary feed ingredients must be known for effective cost management. Option 2. Wheat flour – 2 kg. Minimum space for housing is required: 1. Rome. A feedlot farmer is not a cattle producer. Normally in dairy animals this mixture is fed at rate of ½ of the milk yield (one Kg of concentrate mixture for every two litres of milk). Like. 50 metric tons) (NBE, 2018). Beef which is the end product of cattle fattening is about the best source of animal proteins in the nation. When it comes to cattle fattening, feed formulation plays a vital role in ensuring optimal nutrition and efficient weight gain. Aug 3, 2015 · Feedlotting (also call ed pen fattening) involves the feeding of beef cattle with a protein. 1 The demand for beef is predicted to increase by 16% between 2017 and 2027, with the majority of this 4. According to the age of the cattle, fattening methods can be divided into: Young cattle fattening: the fattening time is 6 to 8 months. 1%. Store the snail feed in a clean, dry container. Another important factor in the selection procedure is the sex of the bull. Conventionally, the fattening time can be divided into two main stages: a set of 400 kg of live weight; set from 400 to 650 kg of live weight. Also, recent develop ments have comple tely revolutionized beef cattle feeding. An ideal feed composition for rabbit should contain 12% – 18% crude protein, 7% minerals, 14% fiber, and 2700 kilo calorie of metabolic energy. 1. 18 million cattle, nearly 2. Electrolyte balance and essential for bodily functions. Fencing/ housing. Fricke, W. Animal Nutrition and Feed If you're looking to start a cattle pen fattening business, this video is for you! Notwithstanding the great importance of cattle in the area In view of this, the determines the costs and returns associated w ith cattle fattening, determine ies the major constraints faced by cattle fatteners in the study area. feed ingredients are co mbined This study assessed resource utilisation in beef cattle fattening units in Adamawa State, Nigeria, with the intent of residues and conventional feeds was the most popular (74. Animal Production and Health Paper No. Pens must be strong, Upright poles should be 15 to 20cm in diameter and about 2. 00 Patash/salt Dec 3, 2020 · Results: The results of the experiment on the effect of the developed complete pellet feed on goat production under stall feeding condition demonstrated that feeding complete pellet feeds helped in increasing the daily body weight gain of goats (36. Baking Soda. Comment. , Pal, D. Because of its high palatability intakes on this feed can average 3,4% of a steer’s live mass per day and average daily gain at 350kg live mass is about 1,6kg. Building a farm structure for cattle farming can provide a safe and comfortable environment for the animals. Soybean Meal – 6 kg. In order for the fattening of young cattle to give the desired result, the main diet should be supplemented with concentrated feed. Other cost. When compared to intact bulls, steers typically display higher feed efficiency, less aggression, and superior meat quality. standards. A well-planned and executed cattle fattening project can be a game-changer for both small-scale farmers and commercial livestock producers, fostering economic growth cattle are regarded as biological machines that convert low quality feed into high quality beef to make profit (Basetet al. Generally, it averages between 8 to 15kg per head per day and 3. This manual provides simple and tested practical guidelines for sheep fatteners and extension workers in Ethiopia. of Fatteners Number Selected Bama Bama 132 13 Banki 83 08 Ngala Ngala 63 06 Gamboru 72 08 Growing Cattle. Appreciation of cattle fattening for a short period could or fodder / sugar beet feed a maize/beet mineral. 21%. 40) and the highest feed cost/kg gain (683. Table: 1 Distribution of cattle fatteners in the study area Local Govt. The feeds identified were analysed for chemical composition. Intake will vary depending on physiological stage and age of the animal, available grazing. Dec 5, 2022 · There is a big difference between rearing dairy cattle bulls and finishing them for beef in a feedlot and beef feedlot farming. 15180. percen t of Nigeria’s poultry farms have closed down and another 30 percent forced to reduce their production capacity due to high costs of livestock feeds. Computer methods are quicker and account for feed costs. It wasn’t so easy to develop this feed formulator, but it was a great pleasure completing the project. The above feed formula contain metabolisable energy of Kcal/Kg=3038. Animals on an ad lib diet will have a much higher Carbon-neutral feed production techniques like silvopastoral and other agroforestry systems improve feed quality and carbon sequestration while lowering livestock GHG emissions. 13 kg) per head per day. This is the profit or loss made by a feedlot as a result of live mass gain in relation to cost of feed consumed. Availability of the Feed Ingredients. the teaching researchgate pig fattening feed methods techniques agri farming animal production and feedlot cattle fattening manual cattle fattening practices in west hararghe potentials and commercial livestock production guide series pig fattening Table of Contents goat and sheep fattening technique in nigeria cassava 1. Apr 28, 2022 · corn silage; hay; concentrated nutrition. 90 million Oct 17, 2023 · How to prepare a Mineral Mix for Goat and Sheep. Jul 25, 2019 · Figure 1 covers between the year 2013/14. When formulating livestock feed, the fundamental things to consider are; Nutrient Requirement of the Animal . The spreadsheet program is based on equations developed by the National Research Council(NRC) and published in the 1996 and 2000 Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle. The Nutrients composition of the each feed ingredients is essential. , Nigeria with Gembu as its administrative headquarters which the south-eastern corner of the state 4 whole crop rice silage was utilized as a feed for beef cattle feedlot 5 production in Japan. 5 to 4 Kg of it may support 10 litres of milk production. Cattle husbandry in Nigeria: a study of its ecological conditions and social-geographical Jun 28, 2021 · This study assessed resource utilisation in beef cattle fattening units in Adamawa State, Nigeria, with the intent of highlighting some crucial areas that may require policy intervention for 13 Journal of Resources Development and Management - An Open Access International Journal Vol. 6 The objective of this study was, ther efore, to evaluate the economic and 7 environmental impact of the use of food by-products as animal feeds on 8 the Japanese beef fattening system by using the modified least-cost feed 9 formulation method. 5 to o. Telephone number: 0203222111, 0719012111 Apr 21, 2011 · DOI: 10. The global population of cattle is ≈ 1. 144*500=72000. I named it the LIVESTOCKING FEED FORMULATOR. 25kg or 250 grams. Barley 7 75 2. Information on feed materials and diet formulation used by cattle fatteners were collected through focus group discussion. • Water: The water requirement of finishing cattle depends on the proportion of dry feeds i. FAO. The hay that we feed the animals contains a very small amount of protein. Meat production from cattle and sheep and even goats in Nigeria is almost entirely extensive with low input. Exploring eBook Jul 30, 2020 · The cost of production of each of the formulation was also calculated with F8 having highest cost per 100Kg formulation at N 4059 followed by formulation F10 N3883. Feed margin. It is calculated as follows: Feed margin = Live mass gain x (sale price/kg – cost/kg gained). AGRIMOL ALL-IN FEED + IONOPHORE (12,1% crude protein, 2% urea) A complete, high-energy fattening meal containing all nutrients necessary for ad lib pen fattening. Cattle fattening is a lucrative venture that aims to enhance livestock productivity, provide quality meat for consumption, and ultimately contribute to sustainable agriculture. It is cattle are regarded as biological machines that convert low quality feed into high quality beef to make profit (Basetet al. Tariq Ahmad's eldest son, Faisal Ahmad, was looking into the prospects of setting up a cattle fattening farm near their 200-acre family farm in a village in Tehsil Depalpur, Punjab. Results of the regression analysis revealed that feeds, labor and fattening duration were the major determinants of weight gain. Woyena Dega (Sub-humid), Dega (Humid), and Kola (Arid) agro-ecological zones Mar 16, 2019 · Price Range of Cattle. and Gupta, R. If you want to prepare the mineral mix at home rather than buying it, then see the composition below. 1983. Salt 0. This study aimed to evaluate the methods used to fatten beef cattle in the Tembaro area of southern Ethiopia. 96 and 52. Cattle pen fattening involves the feeding of beef cattle with a protein balanced, high-energy diet for a period of 90 days under confinement to increase live weights and improve degree of finish and thus Preparation of Pens for Pen Fattening. Users should not expect animals to always perform exactly as predicted by the spreadsheet. 5%. 3. PEN FINISHING FEEDS . The technology uses farmlands, pastures, and degraded lands to grow trees that support diversification, the system’s functioning, and resilience (Mutua et al. “Cattle pen fattening involves the feeding of beef cattle with a protein balanced, high-energy diet for a period of 70 to 120 days Dec 30, 2020 · Regarding fattening frequency, 61 (76. The average daily weight gain of a Fulani bull on a grass fed ration is 0. Purposive method of sampling was use to select the two districts based on the prevalence of Cattle Fattening Enterprise. Feed (ration) formulation is a technique by which different. 6Kg. What is the focus of FFS in cattle fattening? The focus of FFS on cattle fattening are health and feeding technologies and the economics of cattle enterprise. One of the primary goals of growing and backgrounding programs is to achieve economical weight gain on feeder calves before they enter the finishing phase. 5 pounds (0. 41. Fish meal / Protein Meal / Protein Concentrate 60% – 2 kg. 4% of a steer’s live mass per day. P. 75 -3m long. It consists of buying healthy stock, feeding and fattening them for 120 to 180 days, and selling them at anytime of the year. The practical application of this goal requires a 4-step approach: consideration of the desired final outputs, analysis Abstract: Livestock fattening means feeding the animals in order to obtain fast live weight gains in relatively short time (Alawa et al. balanced, high-energy diet for a period of 70 to 120 days under confinement to increase live. 2011. It is based on the latest scientific research and incorporates various factors that affect feed quality and cost. Moreover, there is no standard diet recommended for cattle fattening under the traditional sub-sector in Tanzania [7] and [8]. Jan 1, 2014 · Ghosh, S. Ferrous Carbonate = 11 g/tonne of mineral mix. 5 kg. 015 Corpus ID: 86289783; Application of the modified feed formulation to optimize economic and environmental criteria in beef cattle fattening systems with food by-products Feed formulation and mixing ISBN:92–9146–657–4 for small-scale feed producers The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. Sesame cake 35 75 3. The Availability of the feed ingredients. Cattle rearing: young cattle, rearing calves, breeding bulls, fattening calves; Fattening cattle: Black and White cattle fattening, cattle fattening, Red Holstein cattle fattening, intensive fattening, heifer fattening, ox fattening, shot fattening, fattening calves, heifers May 4, 2023 · Add the yellow corn, soya meal, and PKC to the mixer and mix for about 10 minutes. Manure sales Drug/Vaccine 5,000. 56820. Contents. 05) better body condition score Sep 22, 2023 · The major feed resources for beef cattle fattening during the dry season are Desho grass (30. 46 gm, respectively) compared to traditional semi-intensive feeding (17. 80, calcium content of 1. 7 to 1kg per day. 81%) in feeding Vitamin/Mineral Premix 0. 3% farmers. In the second study, an on- station feeding experiment was conducted to assess the suitability of locally available feeds for cattle fattening. Livestock fattening involves the strategic feeding and management of animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs, to increase their weight and enhance meat production. A Comprehensive Tool for Feed Formulation. The study examined the technical efficiency and its determinants among cattle fattening enterprises in Kebbi state, Nigeria. Current concepts of feed formulation for livestock using mathematical modeling. 25Kg or 250 grams. ANIFEEDSCI. Total cost. Area Villages No. Research on farm animals have demonstrated that growth rate and milk (viii) Salt (ix) TM-5/other feed antibiotic/prebiotic Solution: Nutritive value of available feeds Feed ingredients DCP (%) TDN (%) 1. ILRI is a CGIAR research centre. Copper Sulphate = 22 g/tonne of mineral mix. Biological feed mainly includes feed enzyme preparations, feed amino acids and vitamins, prebiotics Cattle fattening is one of the most important economic activity to the small holder farmers in Sokoto State, Nigeria with an estimated livestock population of 1. Jan 23, 2023 · Feed formulation for goats and sheep. Shelf cattle fattening: the fattening time is 4 to 5 months. It works through a network of regional Jan 25, 2020 · REQUIREMENT FOR FEED FORMULATION. of the cattle fattening farms were randomly selected from each of the sample wards and villages which gave a sampling size of 98 cattle fattening farms. 0 kg of milk produced. It explains that the goal is to balance an animal's feed ration to meet its nutrient requirements. But the quality of the products from processing is very low. Currently, biological feed has shown a rapid and efficient trend in both research and practical application. On ad lib concentrate diets, ensure that the inclusion rate of the mineral matches the feeding rate of the ration. Add the bone meal, methionine, lysine, and premix to the mixer and mix for another 10 minutes. , Ghosh, J. 9 (%CP) -3, where %DP and %CP are the diet values on a DM basis. In most grain-based diets, however, the NEg will not drop much below 54 Mcal per cwt. 7%), hay (15. In Eth iopia the per capita consumption. Urea is a type of chemical fertilizer. Allow 1 block per 20 head of cattle for a 15kg block and 1 block per 30 head of cattle for a 25kg block. The types of feed materials and their amount used in the diets vary considerably among cattle fattening operators, Feed constitutes 70% of operating cost in livestock business in Nigeria. 10 Jan 1, 2016 · This study assesses the competitiveness and comparative advantage of the major beef cattle production systems in Nigeria, using the policy analysis matrix (PAM) on a sample of 339 farmers. weights May 30, 2021 · 61-65 Egbe- Isolo Road, Iyana Ejigbo Shopping Arcade, Block C, Suite 39, Iyana Ejigbo Bus Stop, Ejigbo, Lagos. concentrates in the diet. 0 kg for every 2. Fattening of one cow will yield minimum profit. It is Jan 12, 2024 · The sixth section dwells on Nigerian farmer-herder crises and the cattle colony proposal to highlight what gave birth to the initiative as well as the interplay between cattle colony and farmer-herders clashes. 85 per farmer. meters per head for a sheltered feeding area, and 5 meters per head for a fenced loafing area. , 2003). Integrated crops and livestock in West Africa. 2. 5 to 2 sq. You should add 10-20grams each of toxin binder, coccidiostat and growth enhancers like zinc bacitracin. ak rz jd vq nx bk ky ls iv ut