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• Frame buffer in computer graphics. The term “frame buffer” traditionally refers to the region of memory that holds the color data for the image displayed on a computer screen. frame buffer An area of memory used to store information related to the pixels of a display. . 2) Choosing a colormap based on the color statistics. The Display Processor converts the digital information from CPU to analog values. Because of these benefits, many graphics APIs require the use of a swap chain. 495 views • 34 slides • Z-buffering (depth-buffering) is a visible surface detection algorithm • Implementable in hardware and software • Requires data structure (z -buffer) in addition to frame buffer. The buffer is the size of the maximum image that can be displayed and may be a separate memory bank on the graphics card (display adapter) or a reserved part of regular memory. Each pixel has some intensity value which is represented in memory of computer called a frame buffer. The frame buffer is known as a bitmap if it uses one bit per pixel. Send a triangle to the graphics hardware. Modern graphics hardware requires a high amount of memory bandwidth as part of rendering operations. It is demonstrated that many color images which would normally require a frame buffer Dec 1, 2020 · what is blanking in hindi – computer graphics. Implied edge coherence: If a face penetrates in another, line of intersection can be determined from two points of intersection. A framebuffer ( frame buffer, or sometimes framestore) is a portion of random-access memory (RAM) containing a bitmap that drives a video display. Swapping buffers doesn't really copy anything these days. surfaces in 4D and of data that have no inherent geometry such as survey results. In computer graphics, a sprite is a two-dimensional bitmap that is integrated into a larger scene, most often in a 2D video game. May 17, 2019 · Z-buffer algorithm in hindi. It shall only render wireframes at this stage, no filling and no shading, not even backface culling and whatever else we take for granted. Image memory used to decouple the render frame rate from the display frame rate Meets common understanding of framebuffer as image Leads naturally to double buffering One render buffer, one display buffer, swap n-buffering also possible, can control latency Key idea: decoupling enables general-purpose GPU Visual simulation has high render frame The primary roles of the frame buffer are the storage, conditioning, and output of the video signals that drive the display device. The Renderbuffer is an actual buffer (an array of Introduction and Line Generation: Types of computer graphics, Graphic Displays-Random scan displays, Raster scan displays, Frame buffer and video controller, Points and lines, Line drawing algorithms, Circle generating algorithms, Mid-point circle generating algorithm, and parallel version of these algorithms. 3) Mapping original colors to their nearest neighbors in the colormap. Mar 6, 2018 · Prerequisite : depth-buffer (or Z Buffer) method A-Buffer method in computer graphics is a general hidden face detection mechanism suited to medium scale virtual memory computers. As computer graphics technology has progressed, more and more work has been In the case of a film, each of the frames has already been generated and its just a question of showing them; whereas in interactive computer graphics the frames are being drawn one at a time. The document provides examples of calculating frame In computer graphics, the Depth-Buffer method, also known as the Z-buffer method, is a technique used for hidden surface removal. The color options are numerically coded with the following values. com/course/cs291. 2. Jul 7, 2022 · F. The beam refreshing has two types: Horizontal Retracing; Vertical Retracing 7. For each of these pixels: (a) Calculate the depth z of the polygon at (x, y) (b) If z < depth [x, y], this In 3D Graphics, which of the following statement/s is/are true ? P: Back-face culling is an example of an image-precision visible-surface determination. Yes, the back buffer is for the GPU to write the frame that's in-progress, while the display controller sends the front buffer to the attached display. Jun 22, 2023 · Computer graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used ways of communication with. In computer graphics, two or three-dimensional pictures can be created that are used for research. Explanation: The Graphics Card is used to send graphical data to the output unit. Technically, this refers to the specific location on the memory that holds the frame of data. Dec 12, 2019 · Picture description is stored in the memory area called as Refresh buffer, or Frame Buffer. This method plays a crucial role in rendering realistic images in computer-generated environments. Frame Buffer is also called a refresh buffer. Interactive 3D computer graphics Real-time 2D, but mostly 3D OpenGL C/C++ (if you don’t know them) The math behind the scenes Shaders Simple and not-so-simple 3D file formats (OBJ and FBX). A character grid is displayed by superimposing the rectangular grid pattern into the frame buffer at a specified coordinate position. 1974 – Evans and Sutherland Picture System. System Bus Architecture of a raster graphics system with a display processor Video Apr 9, 2021 · Answer: a. [1] Use of the term has since become more general. To display all frame on screen it consumes more time than given time. . Now each buffer attached to a Framebuffer can be a Renderbuffer or a texture. Repeating texture. Q: Z-Buffer is a 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit field associated with each pixel in a frame buffer that can be used to determine the visible surface at each pixel. Access time for 307200 bits (1 frame) = 307200 × 200. Compute the memory requirement of the frame R Video Scene Coherence, Frame Buffers, and Line Buffers "Live" 3D Objects 2D Video Representations Exhibit Coherence Coherence is explained in the book "Computer Graphics Principles and Practice"[1] quoting Sutherland, Sproull, and Schumacher[2]: "Coherence – the degree to which parts of an environment or its projection exhibit local 6. Alternatively, don't follow me for not more tutorials, or follow another channel for more of their tutorials. The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. A. A frame buffer is a contiguous block of memory that stores the image displayed on the screen. a. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. 1280x800) depth, precision of the frame buffer = # bits used for each pixel. Window to viewport transformation in hindi. So, the images or the objects that are generated using the Computer graphics will have a trace of the programming. Last revised: May 10, 2001. glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); effect1->setConstPerFrameUniforms(); //get 0 attachment from fb scene prepass to apply effect and draw May 18, 2023 · This allows a 128-bit GPU to support either 4 memory chips or 8 memory chips. When this pixels get processed, other group of pixels are picked up from buffer for processing. Classification criteria for displays Principles of operation for CRTs and LCDs Basic structure of graphics systems, both vector and raster displays Data flow through and function of each block in raster displays. This memory is a storage area for storing pixels values using which pictures are displayed. Computer Graphics Basics - Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help of programming. What is Computer Graphics to start with? Computer graphics may be defined as a pictorial or graphical representation of objects in a computer device. As the depth buffer method can only be used for opaque In computer science, multiple buffering is the use of more than one buffer to hold a block of data, so that a "reader" will see a complete (though perhaps old) version of the data instead of a partially updated version of the data being created by a "writer". E. यह 3D graphics में image depth coordinates का management होता है. Oct 28, 2019 · The AIB output video (NTSC or PAL), while simultaneously displaying a Video-in-a-Window image on a non-interlaced desktop. What You’ll see. It is also called as digital memory Double buffering is a huge improvement for single or non-buffered computer graphics, but it isn’t perfect. Data managed by a graphics API, typically held in device memory, including vertex buffers, index buffers, texture maps and framebuffers. The lecture agenda includes an introduction to loading frame buffers, relative or absolute coordinates, and frame buffer arrays. It can be organized as a 2D array corresponding to pixels. com/playlist?list=PLWXFrifRr8gnUUIQ8CvZqtlgo 7. Modern video cards contain framebuffer circuitry in their cores. It represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application software to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so the software doesn’t need to know anything about the low-level (hardware register) stuff. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second. A bitmap is used in a bi-level system while a pixmap is used in a system Sep 21, 2022 · 🔥This Video : Pixels and its Properties in Detail. The images are constructed in the frame buffer one bit at a time. What is scan conversion? A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition given in an application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for storage in the frame buffer. Rendering resources. Explanation: Interactive computer graphics consists of three components that are: Frame Buffer or Digital Memory; A Monitor likes a home T. 69 MB of memory for the frame buffer. Computer Graphics – Week 12©Bengt-Olaf Schneider, 1999. Typically a color display will have a frame buffer with up to 24 planes, 8 each for defining red, green, and Apr 16, 2024 · COMPUTER GRAPHICS LAB VIVA Questions :-. इस method में Buffers, Compositing and Blending. Z-Buffering: Basic Algorithm. Computer Graphics. visibility algorithms) Z-Buffer: Image space HSR algorithm Scan-line Algorithms: Image space HSR algorithm Depth-sorting Algorithm: Object space HSR algorithm Computer Graphics – Week 7©Bengt-Olaf Schneider, 1999. Back in the old days, computer graphics were handled by the CPU by directly manipulating the frame buffer,¹ and the graphics card’s job was simply to put the pixels in the frame buffer onto the screen. The term framebuffer refers to the memory of the video card that contains all the necessary information and data for rendering an image on the computer screen. Wire-frame model in hindi – computer graphics. Mar 11, 2024 · Computer graphics is an important part of Computer science. Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. k. A Framebuffer is a collection of buffers that can be used as the destination for rendering. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data. This is a quick way of moving a portion of In computer graphics, a swap chain (also swapchain) is a series of virtual framebuffers used by the graphics card and graphics API for frame rate stabilization, stutter reduction, and several other purposes. • If the point is closer than one in the buffers, it will replace the buffered Difference between Frame Buffer and Display Buffer. When low graphics memory requirements are of utmost importance, k-buffer can Nov 8, 2016 · I am trying to design (personal project) a 3D graphics hardware renderer. To override the closer polygons from the far ones, two buffers named frame buffer and depth buffer, are used. three dimensional (3D) transformation in hindi. 1 seconds makes = 1/0. set without the tuning and receiving electronics. The research is motivated by the desire to display high-quality reproductions of color images with small frame buffers. 2000s – micro-mirror projectors ? digital cinema. Key learning outcomes are understanding the concepts of loading frame buffers, coordinate systems, and frame buffer data structures. Apr 8, 2020 • Download as PPTX, PDF •. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for the generation and manipulation of images. V. points, lines, triangles, quadrilaterals. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements or pixels. Each pixel in the raster has at least one memory bit; this quantity of memory is referred to as a bit plane. 3) It cannot handle transparent surfaces. c) Ranging from 0 to -0. The frame buffer is used to store the intensity value of color value at each position Frame Buffer and Refresh Rate. The main function of the graphics hardware is to scan the frame buffer, activating the display pixels corresponding to the locations of the frame buffer that contain “1”s. This digitization process is called scan conversion. •glDrawBuffer() – Specifies color buffer enabled for writing/clearing •glReadBuffer() – Specifies color buffer enabled for source of reading •glBlitFramebuffer() – Copies pixels from one buffer to another •glReadPixels() – Copies pixels from the “read” buffer into an array. This article discusses tile-based rendering, the approach used by most mobile graphics Apr 8, 2020 · Frame buffer. Joystick. This presentation contains - - Frame Buffer - Digital-to-Analog ( DAC ) Converter - Single bit plane frame buffer - N-bit plane frame buffer - 3-bit color frame buffer - 24-bit color frame buffer. Moving Pixels Around. Cost of Z-buffering Z-buffering is the algorithm of choice for hardware rendering (today), so let’s think about how to make it run as fast as possible… The steps involved in the Z-buffer algorithm are: 1. Aug 3, 2022 · 3) The number of the object is limited to the computer memory to store the Object. David Breen Department of Computer Science Drexel University. 06144 seconds makes = 1 frame. Aug 14, 2021 · Frame buffers in raster displays hold individual pixels of the scene, whereas frame buffers in random scan displays store commands for rendering the scene. Introduction to Computer Graphics. The frame buffer is regularly sent to the display device (eg 60 times per second) whether the frame buffer has been completely updated or not. b) Ranging from 0 to 1. 3. Introduction¶. 0 and intensity [x, y] to a background value. Oct 22, 2021 · 2 years ago. The document discusses different types of frame buffers used in computer graphics, including monochromatic, grayscale, and color frame buffers. That means, it uses the underlying hardware and driver vector displays. This document outlines a lecture on loading frame buffers in computer graphics. What you Won’t See. As, 0. Because of this correspondence between the bits (0’s and 1’s) in the frame buffer and pixels on the screen Frame buffer is the portion of memory reserved for holding the complete bit-mapped image that is sent to the monitor. As the depth bu Apr 5, 2024 · The amount of information each pixel represents is known as the color depth of the image. • Z-buffer stores values [0 . d) Only c. This method extends the algorithm of depth-buffer (or Z Buffer) method. View Answer. The color image quantization task is broken into four phases: 1) Sampling the original image for color statistics. Computer graphics These Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) should be practiced to improve the Computer Graphics skills required for various interviews (campus interview, walk-in interview, company interview), placements, entrance exams and other competitive examinations. For all pixels on the screen, set depth [x, y] to 1. resolution = # of elements in the frame buffer (e. The swap chain usually exists in graphics memory, but it 7. Many hardware devices algorithm has been developing for First thing to do is to create an actual framebuffer object and bind it, this is all relatively straightforward: unsigned int framebuffer; glGenFramebuffers ( 1, &framebuffer); glBindFramebuffer (GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer); Next we create a texture image that we attach as a color attachment to the framebuffer. So to solve this issue, in single access multiple adjacent pixels are fetched from frame buffer. Back Face Removal Algorithm; Z The Frame Buffer Device¶. The GPU writes the color value into the frame buffer. The frame buffer object architecture (FBO) is an extension to OpenGL for doing flexible off-screen rendering, including rendering to a texture. t. May 11, 2022 · To display one pixel on screen, very little time is available. Summary of Key Concepts. It is known as a pixmap if it uses multiple bits per pixel. Disadvantages of Z-Buffer Algorithm 1) Double memory requirement, one for Z-Buffer and one for the frame buffer. In late 1993, the company announced True Vista Pro, a high-end, DVR-based frame buffer for EISA computers. Higher capacity chips cost more to make, so a balance is required to optimize prices. MILLENNIALS by Ana Apr 1, 2019 · Introduction to Computer Graphics. 1 Frame Buffer (refresh buffer, image buffer, raster) The frame buffer stores the image to be displayed. It is very commonly used for computer display images. May 31, 2020 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright We will look at different hidden-surface removal algorithms (a. 🔥 ️Complete Computer Graphics Playlist : https://www. What Is a Bitmap? Frame buffer of a system with one bit per pixel is called a bitmap. OpenGL has two kinds of framebuffers: the Default Framebuffer, which is provided by the OpenGL Context; and user-created framebuffers called Framebuffer Objects (FBOs). Monochromatic frame buffers use 1 bit per pixel, grayscale uses multiple bits per pixel to Nov 14, 2017 · After the GPU is finished, and when the display controller gets to a vsync (the time to start drawing a new frame to the screen), the display controller just reads out the framebuffer. Geometry that can be drawn by a rasterizer or graphics processing unit, connecting vertices, e. Algorithms used for hidden line surface detection. Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. What is a Frame Buffer? A frame buffer is a significant amount of computer memory that is continuous. 27604166 frames. Bijay Satyal. 0. A frame buffer can be visualized as a matrix of picture elements (pixels) where each pixel is a 1X1 entry. In each frame I'm doing ping pong like that: First step - render to current color attach using other fb texture. A graphic display system has a frame buffer that is 640 pixels wide, 480 pixels high and 1 bit of color depth. e. It works by holding each pixel’s color information in computer memory, allowing the image to be quickly accessed and manipulated before being sent to the display device. इस method को cutmull ने विकसित किया था. Slideshow view. May 15, 2024 · Color depth = 1 bit per pixel. In WebGL, a framebuffer is a data structure that organizes the memory resources that are needed to render an image. Jul 14, 2022 · OpenGL (and Vulkan) as an API have a more strict definition. Without any attachment, a Framebuffer object has very low footprint. 15, 2002 This is a raster operation that moves a block of bits from one part of the frame buffer to another. a) Ranging from 0 through the positive integer. This is distinct from a "texture" object, which has a specific format that is internal to the implementation. This section of our 1000+ Computer Graphics multiple choice questions focuses on Color and Grayscale Levels. The frame buffer holds a “0” for every inactive pixel. Access time for each pixel = 200 ns. Provide details and share your research! But avoid … Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The raster graphics system of high quality contains 24 bits per pixel in the frame buffer. 1. com/playlist?list=PLWXFrifRr8gnUUIQ8CvZqtlgo GPU Framebuffer Memory: Understanding Tiling. The primary goal is to determine which surfaces of a 3D scene are visible and which are obscured by other objects. It is sent continuously to the screen, so that image is seamlessly displayed. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. fbDeferredLighting->bindFramebuffer(); //fb which has two color attachments. Apr 2, 2024 · Question 4. z-buffer algorithm को depth-buffer algorithm भी कहते है. Frame buffer is a dedicated memory that has the image/video/ rendering; gpu; frame-buffer; Computer Graphics Lab New York Institute of Technology ABSTRACT Algorithms for adaptive, tapered quant­ ization of color images are described. Nov 29, 2022 · Q&A for computer graphics researchers and programmers. Week 8. ZMAX] corresponding to depth of each point. Read more. A WebGL graphics context has a default framebuffer, which is used for the image that Learn about the key properties and challenges of displays and framebuffers in real-time graphics. 1963 – modified oscilloscope. I understand that the most efficient method to draw a line on screen is via Bresenham's integer line drawing algorithm. GPU Framebuffer Memory: Understanding Tiling. It is used when there is little change in image from one frame to another. This circuitry converts an in-memory P (5, 5) used to represent a pixel in the 5th row and the 5th column. Beam refreshing is of two types. This method is also known as anti-aliased or area-averaged or accumulation buffer. The primary output device in a graphical system is the ______. CS 4363/6353. udacity. The buffers for default framebuffers are part of the context and usually Oct 26, 2023 · Thus, the system having a screen resolution of 1280 x 1280 and supporting 24 bits per pixel requires 4. Frame coherence: It is used for animated objects. Surfaceflinger is a composition manager. Science. Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a computer. By capturing images that would normally be drawn to the screen, it can be used to implement a large variety of image filters, and post-processing effects. 1990s – liquid-crystal displays ? laptops. The display controller has a register which tells it the address of the frame buffer to display. Jul 13, 2020 · Thanks for contributing an answer to Computer Graphics Stack Exchange! Please be sure to answer the question. Explore the history, evolution and optimization of framebuffer bandwidth, memory and access locality. Resolution in computer graphics refers to number of pixels, where as frame buffer refers to memory to hold the information for those pixels. Sep 30, 2022 · Display Processor is the interpreter or a hardware that converts display processor code into picture. Depth-sorted fragment determination is fundamental for a host of image-based techniques which simulates complex rendering effects. This video is part of an online course, Interactive 3D Graphics. Oct 16, 2017 · frame buffer. A frame buffer for a color display has a set of planes each defining one bit of the color information of each point. It takes rendered data from the GPU, and composites them in one surface. The match between the sampled values and Sep 21, 2022 · 🔥This Video : Pixels and its Properties in Detail. The color values of the pixels are stored in a special part of graphics memory called frame buffer. z-buffer algorithm in hindi (hidden surface elimination) perspective and parallel projection in hindi. Algorithm. If the access time for each pixel on the average is 200 nanoseconds, then the refresh rate of this frame buffer is approximately : 16 frames per second. It is a memory buffer containing data representing all the pixels in a complete video frame. = 61440000 ns = 0. Jun 9, 2023 · Framebuffer. full-color, true-color, RGB systems = 24+ bits per pixel: individual groups of bits in each pixel are assigned to each of 3 primary colors. Check out the course here: https://www. Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of the frame buffer to the monitor. 1 bit = 2 colors (0 or 1); 8 bit = 2^8 = 256 colors. Refreshing of raster scan displays is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80 frames per second. Raster scan provides the refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second. Animations and Realism. 8. This is referred to as a full color or true color system. 06144 seconds. The industry standard for color applications allocates 8 bits of intensity control for each display primary or approximately 16. raster displays. In most cases, the resulting images look significantly better than those made with uniform quantization. The display reads the color values from the frame buffer row-by-row, from left-to-right, top-to-bottom, and puts each of the values onto the screen. 1975 – Evans and Sutherland frame buffer. Originally, the term sprite referred to fixed-sized objects composited together, by hardware, with a background. Send graphical data to the output unit. g. computer. A "buffer object" is an area of contiguous, unformatted memory which can be read from or written to by various GPU processes. Nov. 2. Typically, the Frame Buffer is stored i Dec 23, 2021 · It’s easy to get data into the GPU, but harder to get it out. 19 frames per second. Transform the vertices of the triangle using the modeling matrix. The frame buffer is stored in memory - in RAM if no special purpose memory is available or in VRAM (video RAM) or DRAM (dynamic Computer Graphics VIVA Question & Answers. May 19, 2024 · A frame buffer, also known as a framebuffer, is a temporary storage area in computer graphics that stores an image to be displayed on a monitor or screen. Surfaces can be processed in any order. CS 432/680 INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. other. Programs using double buffering have to wait for the front and back buffer to switch before they can start drawing the new image, forcing the computer to wait for several milliseconds between frames. An area of memory used to hold the frame of data that is continuously being sent to the screen. Oct 22, 2021. It provides tools for producing pictures of the “real world” as well as synthetic objects such as mathematical. Use MathJax to format equations. Jun 23, 2017 · Frame buffer is a dedicated memory that has the image/video/3dimage or video to be shown, in pixel format. The section contains multiple choice questions and answers on anti aliasing, graphic user interfaces, input devices, functions and its modes, interactive picture construction techniques, computer animation, key frame systems, controlling animation methods, motion specifications, inquiry functions, light properties and intensities, dithering techniques, curved Framebuffer object. Frame buffer is also known as Raster or Bitmap. 06144 = 16. 0 likes • 3,671 views. 8 million discretely addressable colors. Computer graphics is the part that helps to create digital images with the help of coding. On our new 128-bit memory bus GeForce RTX 4060 Ti GPUs, the 8GB model uses four 16Gb GDDR6 memory chips, and the 16GB model uses eight 16Gb chips. Calculation: Frame buffer size (in bits) = 640 × 480 × 1 = 307200 bits. Because a texture's format is not known to you Entertainment − Movies and games. Overlay is some kind of hardware that is used with the frame buffer. For each polygon in the scene, find all pixels (x, y) that lie within the boundaries of a polygon when projected onto the screen. Question 15: In a graphics system, the most prominent output device is, VDU (Visual Display Unit) Printer. The Display Processor digitize a picture definitions given in an Abstract. Angel and D Feb 6, 2010 · You can understand the Framebuffer as C structure where every member is a pointer to a buffer. Nov 21, 2021 · A-Buffer method in computer graphics is a general hidden face detection mechanism suited to medium scale virtual memory computers. This article discusses tile-based rendering, the approach used by most mobile graphics This video contains a basic explanation on what is a framebuffer, and how theywork to render everything you see on your screen. Depth buffer is used to store depth values for (x, y) position, as surfaces are processed (0 ≤ depth ≤ 1). Based on material from Ed Angel, University of New Mexico Han-Wei Shen, Ohio State University David Blythe, Silicon Graphics & Tom McReynolds, Gigapixel. May 7, 2024 · The Language of Computer Graphics. With characters that are defined as curve outlines, character shapes are scan converted into the frame buffer. यह एक image space approach है. 2) Spends time while rendering polygons that are not visible. It was the second Truevision product based on the company’s DVR architecture. It is also a challenging task in terms of time and space required when rasterizing scenes with high depth complexity. In a compositing system like modern MS Windows or Android, your app's framebuffer is not used by the display controller directly. Aparna Joshi. This help to gain knowledge about the designs &amp; the coloring. Raster Graphics System • Peripheral display processor for performance • Display memory: data plus rasterizer software • Frame buffer: image to display • Video controller: low level monitor specific driver CPU Display processor System memory Peripheral Devices Display Processor memory Frame buffer Video controller Monitor System bus A Dictionary of Computing. External memory bandwidth is costly in terms of space and power requirements, especially for mobile rendering. The main purpose of the Digital Processor is to free the CPU from most of the graphic chores. The end product of the computer graphics is a picture it may be a business graph, drawing, and engineering. youtube. Sophisticated graphics systems are built with several Jul 27, 2021 · Follow me for more tutorials. For Example: Television. 1980s – cheap frame buffers ? bit-mapped personal computers. nb fr oh ej ik su og za uc vl